When was kyrgyzstan formally incorporated into russia

Industry: Types--small machinery electric motors, transformers , light industry cotton and wool processing, textiles, food processing , construction materials cement, glass, slate , shoes, furniture, mining, energy. Partners--Switzerland Partners--Russia The executive branch includes a president and prime minister. The legislative branch is composed of a member unicameral parliament. President Bakiyev made constitutional reform a key element of his campaign in , and the November protests stemmed in part from members of parliament's demands for action on that reform.

Following parliamentary elections in December , President Bakiyev announced that political reform was complete and that the new government would focus on economic growth and privatization. The next presidential election is now scheduled for July 23, Type: Republic.

Independence: August 31, from the Soviet Union. Constitution: May 5, Branches: Executive--president, prime minister. Administrative subdivisions: Seven oblasts and the municipality of Bishkek. The earliest descendents of the Kyrgyz people, who are believed to be of Turkic descent, lived in the northeastern part of what is currently Mongolia.

Later, some of their tribes migrated to the region that is currently southern Siberia and settled along the Yenisey River, where they lived from the 6th until the 8th centuries. They spread across what is now the Tuva region of the Russian Federation, remaining in that area until the rise of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, when the Kyrgyz began migrating south.

In the 12th century, Islam became the predominant religion in the region. Most Kyrgyz are Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi school. During the 15thth centuries, the Kyrgyz people settled in the territory currently known as the Kyrgyz Republic. In the early 19th century, the southern territory of the Kyrgyz Republic came under the control of the Khanate of Kokand, and the territory was formally incorporated into the Russian Empire in The Russian takeover instigated numerous revolts against tsarist authority, and many Kyrgyz opted to move into the Pamir mountains or to Afghanistan.

The suppression of the rebellion in Central Asia caused many Kyrgyz to migrate to China. Soviet power was initially established in the region in , and in , the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was created within the Russian Federal Socialist Republic. The term Kara-Kyrgyz was used until the mids by the Russians to distinguish them from the Kazakhs, who were also referred to as Kyrgyz. During the s, the Kyrgyz Republic saw considerable cultural, educational, and social change.

Economic and social development also was notable. Literacy increased, and a standard literary language was introduced. The Kyrgyz language belongs to the Southern Turkic group of languages. In , an Arabic-based Kyrgyz alphabet was introduced, which was replaced by Latin script in In Cyrillic script was adopted.

Many aspects of the Kyrgyz national culture were retained despite suppression of nationalist activity under Joseph Stalin, who controlled the Soviet Union from the late 's until The early years of glasnost in the late s had little effect on the political climate in the Kyrgyz Republic. However, the republic's press was permitted to adopt a more liberal stance and to establish a new publication, Literaturny Kirghizstan, by the Union of Writers. Unofficial political groups were forbidden, but several groups that emerged in to deal with an acute housing crisis were permitted to function.

In June , ethnic tensions between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz surfaced in an area of the Osh Oblast, where Uzbeks form a majority of the population. Violent confrontations ensued, and a state of emergency and curfew were introduced. Order was not restored until August The early s brought measurable change to the Kyrgyz Republic.

In an upset victory, Askar Akayev, the president of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences, was elected to the presidency in October The following January, Akayev introduced new government structures and appointed a new government comprised mainly of younger, reform-oriented politicians. In December , the Supreme Soviet voted to change the republic's name to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.

In , it became the Kyrgyz Republic. In February , the name of the capital, Frunze, was changed back to its pre-revolutionary name--Bishkek. Despite these moves toward independence, economic realities seemed to work against secession from the U. In a referendum on the preservation of the U. This was followed by the Supreme Soviet vote declaring independence from the U. Kyrgyz was announced as the state language in September In December , through a constitutional amendment, the Russian language was given official status.

Together with the representatives of seven other republics, he signed the Treaty of the New Economic Community that same month. The ethnic mix and configuration of some the ethnic republics in the Soviet Union was odd and unnatural. The strange ethnic make up of some of the ethnic republics was primarily the work of Joseph Stalin, when he served as the People's Commissar of Nationalities under Lenin in the s , to suit the needs of the state not the people.

In some cases traditional rivals were placed together in the same state and major population centers for one group were divided into different states. Some of the most creative gerrymandering was done where Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan meet See Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. As part of the Soviet process, languages were standardised, traditions codified, pre-existing sub-ethnic identities for example, tribe or city were suppressed for instance, by being removed as an option in the official census , privileges were granted or denied based on ethnic identity, and many people found that they were outside the borders of their titular republic for example, ethnic Uzbeks inside Tajikistan.

Despite the continuing rhetoric that the divisions between nationalities that is, ethnic groups would eventually disappear and give way to a unified people, ethnic identities continued to be strongly promoted in the Soviet republics There were, however, also divisions within the ethnic groups. For Tajiks, there was the reality that ethnic Tajiks from different regions had obvious differences in dialect and in many other aspects of their culture.

It was divide, conquer and tie up in trouble. One objective was to create a situation in which if the Soviet republics were ever able to break the grip of Soviet rule they would experience a wave of ethnic violence. It also happened the Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Volga Tartars, Germans and Cossacks, among others, have lobbied through history for the creation of ethnic states within the Russian empire. The psychological consequences are enormous. Many died on the journey to Kazakhstan.

Others died not long after they arrived. Some of those that survived continued to live in Kazakhstan. Others returned to their homelands when they got the chance. In the s, a number of ethnic groups, including the Greeks, Tatars, Koreans and Volga Germans were suddenly evacuated from their homes and sent into exile in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Siberia. After Stalin died some were allowed to return. Fearing them as potential spies and traitors, Stalin rounded up all the ethnic Germans in and deported them to Siberia and Central Asia.

Nearly ,00 0 people were deported. They rounded up a transported in cattle cars. Some died on the way there. Thousands died in labor camps and coal mines. The Germans were only able leave the places they were exiled to in and , after Stalin died. In the meantime their homes and land were taken over by Russians. Without an autonomous region they were unable to organize politically and were unable to do much to improve there situation.

As for the Greeks, initially they prospered under Soviet rule. Greek schools, newspapers and culture flourished in places where there were large numbers of Greeks. The number of Greek schools rose from 33 in to in There a was political drive to create an autonomous Greek territory. Things changed in s, when Stalin included the Greeks among the groups that were persecuted and deported.

Greek schools were shut down. Publications in Greek were banned and much of the Greek population was suddenly evacuated from their homes and sent into exile in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Siberia. In the late s, the Kyrgyz were jolted into a state of national consciousness by the reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev in power —91 and by ethnic conflict much closer to home. As democratic activism stirred in Kyrgyzstan's cities, events in Moscow pushed the republic toward unavoidable independence.

In the perestroika era under Gorbachev, a several activist groups were founded that battled homelessness and unemployment. Some of them occupied abandoned land and built homes on it. One of these groups, Ashtar, expanded into a pro-democracy movement. The most important single event leading to independence grew from an outburst of ethnic friction. In the Gorbachev liberalized policies ignited strife between the Kyrgyz and the minority Uzbek population in Osh Province.

From the perspective of the Kyrgyz, the most acute nationality problem long had been posed by the Uzbeks living in and around the city of Osh, in the republic's southwest. Although Kyrgyzstan was only about 13 percent Uzbek according to the census, almost the entire Uzbek population was concentrated in Osh Province. Tensions very likely had existed between the Kyrgyz and the Uzbeks throughout the Soviet period, but Moscow was able to preserve the image of Soviet ethnic harmony until the reforms of Gorbachev in the mids.

See Below. In the presidential election of , the resulting general democratization movement led to the defeat of Communist Party chief Absamat Masaliyev by physicist Oskar Akayev. Page Top. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section of the US Copyright Law.

In accordance with Title 17 U. Section , the material on this site is distributed without profit. Kyrgyzstan has also, due to its aging Soviet industrial infrastructure, the poor waste management infrastructure left to it from the USSR, and its current economic and political instability, also has environmental problems — particularly in urban areas.

Tensions between the two civilizations is long-standing. The Kyrgyz remember the Uzbek Khanate of Kokhand as being a tyrannical and cruel overlord from which they had to seek the protection of the Russians. The two civilizations were also long diametrically opposed, with the Uzbeks occupying well-watered plains and thus living in large, established cities and Kyrgyz priding themselves in horsemanship and nomadic living.

Another major issue with Uzbekistan is water rights. Kyrgyzstan wants to develop hydroelectric power. Most of its current energy needs are imported and hydroelectric power would greatly improve its energy security — and possibly produce enough electricity that Kyrgyzstan could become a net exporter. Kyrgyzstan is the number one Central Asian importer of Chinese goods many of these are then remarketed to other Russia and other Central Asian countries.

Kyrgyzstan has also received considerable Chinese investment in highways and dairy facilities, cement production, and tourism infrastructure. Most of this investment will produce goods to export to China. However, continued investment is being actively sought by the Kyrgyz government and thus ties are likely to only become stronger.

Today, the two countries are establishing closer military and economic cooperation. Russia has provided generous financial aid packages, substantial debt relief, and an invitation to join Russian-led economic organizations like the Customs Union.

Kyrgyzstan is seriously considering joining the Union, despite the fact that this will likely disrupt its trade in re-sold Chinese goods. The US had openly supported Kurmanbek Bakiyev, who was ousted in that revolution by his rivals.

Today, US concerns in the country are dominated by its use of Manas Air Base, the lease for which is set to expire in For instance, Kyrgyzstan negotiated with Russia for an extremely large aid package involving millions of dollars of debt forgiveness, millions in direct aid, and some two billion dollars in loans. Many thought that this backroom deal had attached to it an understanding that Kyrgyzstan would force the Americans out of Manas, which Russia has long considered to be a NATO encroachment into its sphere of interest.

However, Bishkek then renegotiated the rental contact with the Americans for higher rent and allowed the base to stay. Kyrgyzstan is a small country with a long history. It has few natural resources yet consistently shows itself as capable of making the most of what it does have. It is a small country with a big stick. In those capacities, he has been managing publications and informative websites covering geopolitics, history, business, economy, and politics in Eurasia since He is based in Moscow, Russia.

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